Profiling of Antibiotic Residues in Surface Water of River Yamuna Stretch Passing through Delhi, India

The River Yamuna is one of the largest rivers in northern India. It serves as a major source potable water to National Capital Delhi. A study was carried out monitor and quantify three common antibiotics surface water, with help Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled Mass spectrophotometer (MS/MS)-based method. All river locations research area were sampled triplicate determine significant presence from local areas, hospitals, drug manufacturing facilities, residential areas. Using spiked, well actual samples, an optimized method for detection quantification different concentrations developed. Spatiotemporal variations physicochemical properties at five sites, including reference site-6 (Jamia Millia Islamia), during pre-monsoon post-monsoon period, also investigated. Maximum concentration observed season followed by season. highest detected antibiotic samples that ofloxacin (145.3794 ng/mL), amoxicillin (3.033 ng/mL) erythromycin (2.171 ng/mL). An aquatic environment may be very vulnerable dangers these pharmaceutical residues, according this risk assessment. Additionally, levels compositions residue ecosystem might influenced seasonal agricultural application, precipitation, temperature. findings revealed existence because their indiscriminate usage, which have resulted development resistant strains ultimately contributed spread resistance among living organisms river. Thus, attention required particularly section it lifeline urban consumers domestic supply farmers cultivation.